Following the initial research in the U.S., several units began to be sold for clinical use before the 1976 Amendment gave the FDA control over medical devices. The Amendment gave the FDA power to determine the safety and effectiveness of medical devices prior to...
Activation of Prefrontal Cortex by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Reduces Appetite for Risk during Ambiguous Decision Making As adult humans, we are continuously faced with decisions in which proper weighing of the risk involved is critical. Excessively risky...
During healthy aging, the brain experiences complex structural and biochemical changes, including modification in dendritic morphology, synaptic connectivity (Anderson and Rutledge, 1996), Ca2+ dysregulation (Toescu et al., 2004), gene expression (for review see Burke...
Healthy aging is accompanied by changes in cognitive and motor functions that result in impairment of activities of daily living. This process involves a number of modifications in the brain and is associated with metabolic, structural, and physiological changes; some...
CES, by reducing depression and other signs of psychologically engendered chronic stress, may well play a significant role in reducing or eliminating psychogenic inflammation. That being the case, then another mechanism for the effectiveness of CES in reducing pain...
Earlier peer reviewers had difficulty with CES studies, because it was so new that few had heard about it.Some reviewed CES studies under the impression that they were studies using electroshock treatment. Others assumed that the small electrical current provided in...
Finally, noting that CES is apparently an effective treatment for pain, several studies have been done to assess its potential to potentiate the effects of analgesics. One anesthetist gave 90 urological patients and 30 abdominal surgery patients N2O (nitrous oxide) in...
Primary insomnia as a complaint lasting for a least one month, of difficulty initiating and/or maintaining sleep or of the presence of non restorative sleep, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.1 The International Classification of...
While CES came to the U.S. as “electrosleep” and its intent was to put patients to sleep when the current was turned on, that simply did not occur irrespective of the manipulation of the stimulus parameters. Along with Kratzenstein’s observation in 1743 that putting...
In the last decade of the 20th century, several well controlled, double blind studies sought to discover what, if anything CES treatment could do to alleviate the sometimes intractable pain of fibromyalgia. It was found that Patients given CES treatment reported the...
